# `try/except` — the seatbelt AI forgets to put on Every non-trivial script has lines that *might* fail. Reading a file that doesn't exist. Parsing a string the user mistyped. Calling an API that returns a 500 instead of a 200. Indexing a list that turned out empty. When the line that fails has no protection around it, Python halts the whole program and prints a traceback. Sometimes that's what you want — a loud crash beats silent corruption. But for *expected* failure modes — "the user might paste something that isn't a number," "the API might be down for ten seconds" — you want the script to keep running and recover. That's what `try/except` is for. ## The mental model Read this two-line shape out loud: ```python try: result = int("42") except ValueError: print("not a number") ``` In English: *"Try to run the indented code. If a `ValueError` happens anywhere inside the `try` block, jump down to the `except` block instead of crashing. Otherwise, skip the `except` block entirely."* Two paths through the code. Python picks one based on whether the risky line raised the exception you named: - **Happy path:** the `try` body runs all the way through. The `except` block is skipped. Execution continues past both blocks. - **Sad path:** somewhere inside the `try` body, a `ValueError` gets raised. Python *immediately* abandons the rest of the `try` body, jumps into the `except` block, runs that, and continues past both blocks. Whichever way it went, the program does not crash and the next line of your script gets to run. ## A worked example The editor has the canonical first shape: ```python try: result = int("42") print(result) except ValueError: print("not a number") ``` Run it. `"42"` is a valid integer string, so `int("42")` succeeds, returns `42`, and the print fires. The `except` block never runs. Output: ``` 42 ``` Now imagine the input was `"forty-two"` instead. `int("forty-two")` would raise `ValueError`, the second `print` inside `try` would be skipped, and the `except` block would print `not a number`. Same code, two outcomes — controlled by the input. ## Where AI specifically gets this wrong Cursor writes the happy path almost every time and leaves you to add the seatbelt. Look at the typical AI snippet for "fetch a user's score from the API": ```python data = response.json() score = data["user"]["score"] print(score) ``` There are at least four things that can blow up: `response.json()` if the body isn't JSON, `data["user"]` if there's no `user` key, `data["user"] ["score"]` if the user has no score, and the `print` if `score` is some weird object. AI assumes none of those happen. Your job, reading AI code, is to spot the lines that *can* fail and decide which deserve a `try/except` wrapper. This lesson teaches you the moves to do that fluently. Hit **Run**. The string `"42"` parses fine, so the `except` block never fires. We'll break it on purpose two steps from now.2b:T1428,# Catch the specific error, not "anything that goes wrong" The single most damaging pattern in AI-generated error handling is the **bare except**: ```python try: do_the_risky_thing() except: pass ``` This catches *everything* — `ValueError`, `KeyError`, `KeyboardInterrupt` when you hit Ctrl+C, `SystemExit` when something tries to shut down the process, even unrelated bugs the AI didn't anticipate. The script silently swallows them and keeps going as if nothing happened. Hours later, you notice the output is wrong, and you have *no log line, no traceback, nothing* explaining why. Cursor reaches for bare `except` because it feels safe. It is the opposite of safe. It is the line that hides bugs. ## The fix: name the exception you actually expect ```python except ValueError: ... ``` Now Python only catches `ValueError`. Any other exception — a real bug you didn't see coming — passes through and crashes the script with a proper traceback. Loud failure beats silent corruption. You want the bug to crash, because then you can fix it. You already know the classes to name: the five fingerprints from the last lesson (`ValueError`, `KeyError`, `IndexError`, `TypeError`, `AttributeError`), plus `FileNotFoundError` when `open(path)` can't find the file. A handful of others show up in specific domains: `JSONDecodeError` (bad JSON in `response.json()`), connection errors (network down), `ZeroDivisionError` (a denominator that came in empty). ## Stacking excepts: first match wins A `try` block can have many `except` clauses stacked underneath, one per failure mode: ```python try: return int(data[user]) except KeyError: return None # user isn't in the dict except ValueError: return 0 # value was there but wasn't a number ``` Python checks them top to bottom and runs the *first* clause whose class matches; the rest are skipped. Two failure modes, two recovery values, zero confusion about which one fired. ## Two shortcuts you'll see in real AI code **The tuple form** — when two or more exceptions deserve the *same* recovery, group them: ```python except (KeyError, ValueError): return None ``` That single block matches either class. The parentheses are required. Reach for it only when the recovery is genuinely identical. **The `as` form** — when you want to log or inspect what fired, bind the exception to a name: ```python except (KeyError, ValueError) as err: print(f"failed: {type(err).__name__}") ``` Inside the block, `err` is the actual exception instance — same handler, same fallback, but the log line tells you which failure mode you hit. ## A worked example The editor runs two completely separate `try` blocks, each catching the specific exception that block can produce: ```python pets = {"dog": "rex"} try: print(pets["cat"]) except KeyError: print("no cat in the dict") try: print(pets["dog"] + 7) except TypeError: print("can't add a string and a number") ``` Block one tries to read `pets["cat"]`. The dict has no `cat` key, so Python raises `KeyError`. The `except KeyError` block catches it, prints `no cat in the dict`, and execution moves on. Block two tries to add `"rex"` (a string) to `7` (an int). Python's `+` operator doesn't know how to combine those, so it raises `TypeError`. The second block catches it and prints `can't add a string and a number`. Notice the precision: each `except` names the *specific* exception that matches what the `try` block can actually raise. Neither uses bare `except`. Neither uses `except Exception` (which is also overly broad). ## Where AI specifically gets this wrong Five patterns to flag in code Cursor writes: 1. **`except:` with no exception named.** Always wrong. Replace with the specific exception, or with `except Exception` if you genuinely don't know which one — but never bare. 2. **`except Exception: pass`.** The "I don't want to think about this" move. The script is now blind to every bug in the `try` block. It also welds together failure modes that need different handling: a missing key might mean "user doesn't exist yet" (fine, return `None`), while a `TypeError` means *the code itself is wrong* and should crash so you notice. 3. **Catching the wrong exception entirely.** Cursor sometimes writes `except ValueError` around `data["user"]["score"]`, but the lookup raises `KeyError`, not `ValueError`. The `except` doesn't match, the real exception flies through, and the "handler" never runs. When the handler doesn't fire, the exception name is usually the bug. 4. **Bundling exceptions that need different handling.** `except (KeyError, ValueError, TypeError): pass` because catching more feels safer. Only group exceptions in a tuple when the *recovery* is genuinely the same. 5. **Dead `as e` bindings.** If the variable is bound and never read, it's noise — a smell that the prompt asked for "good error handling" without saying what to do with the error. Either log it, return it, or drop the `as` clause. Run the editor. Two `try` blocks, two specific exceptions, two clean recoveries.2c:Tdba,# Raising errors — telling Python to crash on purpose So far every exception you've seen was raised *by Python itself*: a bad `int(...)`, a missing dict key, an out-of-range index. But you can also raise your own. The keyword is `raise`, and it's how you turn a quiet "the inputs to this function are nonsense" into a loud, traceback-able crash that points at the exact line that's wrong. This is the move that separates code that hides bugs from code that *finds them for you*. Cursor reaches for it inconsistently — sometimes right, often missing. Reading AI code, the question to ask at the top of every function is: *what inputs make this function meaningless, and does it `raise` for them or silently produce garbage?* ## The mental model `raise` is the inverse of `try/except`. Where `try` says *"if something goes wrong, here's what to do,"* `raise` says *"something is wrong, here's what to throw."* The shape: ```python raise ValueError("amount must be positive") ``` Three parts: the keyword `raise`, an exception class (`ValueError`), and — usually — a string explaining what's wrong. Python wraps the message in an instance of the class and propagates it up the call stack the same way an automatic exception would. Anyone with a matching `except` catches it. Nobody catches it, the program crashes with a traceback. When the message is good, the traceback alone tells the next developer (or future-you) exactly what went wrong without opening the file. When the message is `"error"` or `"invalid"`, you get a useless traceback that forces you to re-read the function. Spend the extra five seconds on a real message. ## A worked example The editor has a payment function with input validation: ```python def charge(amount): if amount <= 0: raise ValueError(f"amount must be positive, got {amount}") print(f"charging ${amount}") charge(50) charge(-10) ``` `charge(50)` passes the check (50 is greater than 0), so it prints `charging $50` and returns. `charge(-10)` fails the check on line 2. The `raise` fires immediately. Python builds a `ValueError` instance with the message `amount must be positive, got -10` and propagates it up. There's no `try` around the call site, so the program crashes and you see a clean traceback that names the offending value. That last detail — *"got -10"* — is what makes a raised exception useful. The class tells you the *kind* of failure (a value is invalid). The message tells you which value, what it was, and why it was wrong. Six words. Unforgettable when you're debugging at 11pm. ## Where AI specifically gets this wrong Two patterns to flag in code Cursor writes you. **One: silent guards.** AI loves to write `if amount <= 0: return None` instead of `raise`. Now the function "works" for negative inputs — it returns nothing, and the caller has no idea anything went wrong. Three function calls later, something else explodes for a reason that has nothing to do with the real bug. `raise` would have caught it on line two of the original function. **Two: useless messages.** `raise ValueError("error")` and `raise ValueError()` are both legal Python and both useless. The exception class alone is barely more informative than `print("something broke")`. Always include a message that names *which* input failed and what its value was. Run the editor. The first call works. The second crashes with a traceback that points at line 3 — the `raise` itself — and tells you exactly what was wrong with the input.2d:Td66,# Going deeper: make your AI assistant explain it three ways This chapter gave you the reading order (bottom-up), the fingerprints (the error classes), and the discipline (catch what you can handle, raise loudly for the rest). The habit that carries all of it into your daily work is knowing how to put your AI assistant on the case *without* handing it the steering wheel. ## The paste-able prompt Next time a script blows up, copy the **entire traceback** plus the relevant code, and paste this with it: ``` Here is a Python traceback and the code that produced it. 1. Explain the error literally: walk the traceback bottom-up, frame by frame, and tell me what each line says. 2. Explain it in plain English: what was my program trying to do at the moment it died, and what assumption turned out false? 3. Give me the most likely fix as the smallest possible change — and name which line the *cause* is on, not just where it crashed. Before I apply anything: tell me one print statement I can add to confirm the diagnosis first. ``` The three-ways structure isn't decoration. Each pass catches a different failure: - **Pass 1 (literal)** forces the assistant to actually read the traceback in order instead of pattern-matching on the last line. If its frame-by-frame walk contradicts what you read yourself, you've caught a misdiagnosis before it becomes a bad fix. - **Pass 2 (plain English)** is the one you *understand*. If the plain-English story doesn't match what you thought the program was doing, the bug is usually in your mental model — the most valuable find of all. - **Pass 3 (smallest fix)** stops the rewrite-everything reflex. You've seen it all chapter: the model that can't find the bug will happily replace the function. Smallest-possible-change keeps the fix reviewable by you. ## The verification habit The last line of the prompt is the part most people skip and the part that makes this professional-grade: **ask for a print that confirms the diagnosis, run it first, and only then apply the fix.** The editor shows the move in miniature. The diagnosis says a key is missing — so before changing anything, you print the dict's keys and check. Confirmed? Apply the fix and re-run, and watch the output actually change. Not confirmed? You just saved yourself from "fixing" the wrong function, and you paste the print's output back into the conversation as evidence. Never accept a fix whose effect you can't see change the output. That one rule is the difference between using an assistant and being used by one. ## The reference that never hallucinates Two bookmarks, both official and vendor-neutral: - [docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html) — the tutorial chapter on errors and exceptions, including `try/except/else/finally` shapes this course didn't need yet. - [docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html](https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html) — every built-in exception class, in one hierarchy. When your assistant names an exception you don't recognize, check it here: thirty seconds, and you'll know exactly where it sits between `Exception` and the five fingerprints you already read on sight. Run the editor, read the confirmation trace, and take the prompt with you. 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the failure — cursor wrote this and crashed","blurb":"when python crashes, it tells you exactly what happened and where. most non-engineers panic at the wall of text — and ai 'fixes' the crash by hiding it. learn to read the failure, then catch only what's worth catching.","overview":"$27","status":"live","lessons":[{"slug":"read-bottom-up","title":"A traceback is a map — read bottom-up","estMinutes":8,"prerequisites":[],"status":"live","steps":[{"type":"read","id":"read-the-failure/read-bottom-up/s01-01-anatomy","xp":1,"hint":[],"personalize":false,"phase":"warmup","estSeconds":100,"concept":"traceback-anatomy","body":"$28","cta":"Got it","code":"def shout(word):\n return word.upper()\n\nshout(None)\n","runnable":true},{"type":"mc","id":"read-the-failure/read-bottom-up/s02-02-which-error","xp":2,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"It's a dict lookup with a missing key. Python has a specific error name for that.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"warmup","estSeconds":45,"concept":"error-classification","prompt":"Cursor wrote this snippet and it crashes. Before you run it, what error type\ndoes Python throw?\n","options":[{"id":"a","label":"`NameError`","explain":"`NameError` is for variables that don't exist. `user` is defined fine."},{"id":"b","label":"`KeyError`"},{"id":"c","label":"`IndexError`","explain":"`IndexError` is for lists with a too-large index. This is a dict, not a list."},{"id":"d","label":"`AttributeError`","explain":"`AttributeError` is for `.method` calls on the wrong type. This is bracket access."}],"answerIds":["b"],"shuffle":false,"code":"user = {\"name\": \"maya\"}\nprint(user[\"email\"])\n","runnable":true},{"type":"read","id":"read-the-failure/read-bottom-up/s03-03-the-five-fingerprints","xp":1,"hint":[],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":110,"concept":"common-error-types","body":"$29","cta":"Got it","code":"# The five errors AI ships most often.\n# The class alone tells you what kind of bug to look for.\n#\n# NameError — used a variable that doesn't exist\n# TypeError — wrong type for the operation (e.g. \"5\" + 10)\n# KeyError — asked a dict for a key it doesn't have\n# IndexError — asked a list for an index past its end\n# AttributeError — called a method on the wrong type (e.g. None.upper())\n","runnable":true},{"type":"predict","id":"read-the-failure/read-bottom-up/s04-04-predict-the-class","xp":3,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"A dict missing a key raises one specific class. Match it to the table from earlier.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"Asking a dict for a key it doesn't have is `KeyError`. The script prints `KeyError`.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":60,"concept":"predict-error-class","code":"user = {\"name\": \"alex\", \"age\": 34}\n\ntry:\n print(user[\"email\"])\nexcept KeyError:\n print(\"KeyError\")\nexcept IndexError:\n print(\"IndexError\")\nexcept TypeError:\n print(\"TypeError\")\nexcept AttributeError:\n print(\"AttributeError\")\n","prompt":"The dict has no `\"email\"` key. Which error class fires? The `try/except`\nblock prints the class name. What does this print?\n","grader":{"kind":"stdout-equality","expected":"KeyError","normalize":"collapse-trailing-newline"}},{"type":"fix","id":"read-the-failure/read-bottom-up/s05-05-fix-nameerror","xp":4,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"`NameError` means a variable name doesn't exist. Compare line 1 and line 2 carefully.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"Line 1 defines `username`. Line 2 uses `user_name`. Match them.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":75,"concept":"nameerror-fix","brokenCode":"username = \"maya\"\nprint(f\"hi, {user_name}\")\n","prompt":"Cursor wrote this and it crashes with `NameError: name 'user_name' is not defined`.\nRead the traceback when you run it — Python tells you the bad line.\n\nFix it so the code prints `hi, maya`.\n","grader":{"kind":"stdout-equality","expected":"hi, maya","normalize":"collapse-trailing-newline"},"bugLines":[2],"revealAfter":4},{"type":"fix","id":"read-the-failure/read-bottom-up/s06-06-fix-attributeerror","xp":4,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"`AttributeError: 'NoneType' object` is the giveaway — the function returned `None`. Why? It has no `return`.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"Replace the `# missing return` comment on line 3 with `return name`.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":80,"concept":"attributeerror-none","brokenCode":"def find_name():\n name = \"maya\"\n # missing return\n\nresult = find_name()\nprint(result.upper())\n","prompt":"Cursor wrote a function `find_name` that's supposed to return a name string\nbut returns `None` when the user is missing. Then line 5 calls `.upper()` on\nthe result, which crashes with `AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'upper'`.\n\nFix line 1 so the function actually returns `\"maya\"`. The `None` case is a\nseparate bug — for now, just give the function a real return value so the\nscript prints `MAYA`.\n","grader":{"kind":"stdout-equality","expected":"MAYA","normalize":"collapse-trailing-newline"},"bugLines":[3],"revealAfter":4},{"type":"write","id":"read-the-failure/read-bottom-up/s07-07-write-defensive","xp":5,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"`key in d` is the membership check that doesn't crash. Use it before reaching for `d[key]`.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"`if key in d: return d[key]` then below it, `return \"missing\"`. The early return handles the present case.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":100,"concept":"defensive-dict-access","prompt":"Write a function `safe_get` that takes a dict and a key. If the key exists,\nreturn the value. If the key is missing, return the string `\"missing\"`\ninstead of crashing with `KeyError`.\n\nTwo calls happen at the bottom — they should print:\n\n```\nalex\nmissing\n```\n","starter":"user = {\"name\": \"alex\", \"age\": 34}\n\ndef safe_get(d, key):\n # your defensive lookup below:\n pass\n\nprint(safe_get(user, \"name\"))\nprint(safe_get(user, \"email\"))\n","grader":{"kind":"stdout-equality","expected":"alex\nmissing\n","normalize":"collapse-trailing-newline"},"solution":"user = {\"name\": \"alex\", \"age\": 34}\n\ndef safe_get(d, key):\n if key in d:\n return d[key]\n return \"missing\"\n\nprint(safe_get(user, \"name\"))\nprint(safe_get(user, \"email\"))\n","hiddenTests":[]},{"type":"checkpoint","id":"read-the-failure/read-bottom-up/s08-08-checkpoint","xp":8,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"Three guards, in order. First: `if item is None: return 0.0`. Second: `if \"price\" not in item: return 0.0` — the membership check from the last step. Third: check the value is non-empty before `float()`.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"Start with `if item is None: return 0.0`. Then `if \"price\" not in item: return 0.0`. Then `raw = item[\"price\"]` and `if raw == \"\": return 0.0`. Finally `return float(raw)`.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"check","estSeconds":130,"concept":"error-classes-recap","prompt":"Last one. Cursor wrote a function `get_price` that pulls the `\"price\"` field\nout of an item dict and converts it to a float. Right now it crashes on\nthree different inputs:\n\n- missing `\"price\"` key → `KeyError`\n- empty string for the price → `ValueError`\n- the dict is `None` → `TypeError` from the `None[\"price\"]` lookup\n\nRewrite the function so it returns `0.0` for any of those cases, and\nreturns the parsed float when the value is valid. The script should print:\n\n```\n29.99\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\n```\n","starter":"def get_price(item):\n # handle missing key, empty string, and None safely:\n return float(item[\"price\"])\n\nprint(get_price({\"price\": \"29.99\"}))\nprint(get_price({\"name\": \"widget\"}))\nprint(get_price({\"price\": \"\"}))\nprint(get_price(None))\n","grader":{"kind":"stdout-equality","expected":"29.99\n0.0\n0.0\n0.0\n","normalize":"collapse-trailing-newline"},"solution":"def get_price(item):\n if item is None:\n return 0.0\n if \"price\" not in item:\n return 0.0\n raw = item[\"price\"]\n if raw == \"\":\n return 0.0\n return float(raw)\n\nprint(get_price({\"price\": \"29.99\"}))\nprint(get_price({\"name\": \"widget\"}))\nprint(get_price({\"price\": \"\"}))\nprint(get_price(None))\n","passThreshold":0.66}],"xpTotal":28},{"slug":"try-except-what-ai-misuses","title":"try/except — the patterns AI misuses","estMinutes":8,"prerequisites":[],"status":"live","steps":[{"type":"read","id":"read-the-failure/try-except-what-ai-misuses/s01-01-intro","xp":1,"hint":[],"personalize":false,"phase":"warmup","estSeconds":90,"concept":"try-except-introduction","body":"$2a","cta":"Got it","code":"try:\n result = int(\"42\")\n print(result)\nexcept ValueError:\n print(\"not a number\")\n","runnable":true},{"type":"mc","id":"read-the-failure/try-except-what-ai-misuses/s02-02-which-block-runs","xp":2,"hint":[],"personalize":false,"phase":"warmup","estSeconds":40,"concept":"try-except-control-flow","prompt":"Read the code in the editor. `int(\"not a number\")` will raise a `ValueError`\non line 2. Which lines actually print?\n","options":[{"id":"a","label":"`parsed: ...` and `after the block`","explain":"Line 2 raises before line 3 runs, so `parsed:` never prints."},{"id":"b","label":"Only `caught it`","explain":"Execution does continue past the block — `after the block` prints too."},{"id":"c","label":"`caught it` and `after the block`"},{"id":"d","label":"Nothing — the program crashes","explain":"That's what happens *without* `try/except`. With it, the error is caught and the program keeps going."}],"answerIds":["c"],"shuffle":false,"code":"try:\n x = int(\"not a number\")\n print(\"parsed:\", x)\nexcept ValueError:\n print(\"caught it\")\nprint(\"after the block\")\n","runnable":true},{"type":"read","id":"read-the-failure/try-except-what-ai-misuses/s03-03-naming-the-error","xp":2,"hint":[],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":120,"concept":"specific-exception-types","body":"$2b","cta":"Got it","code":"pets = {\"dog\": \"rex\"}\n\ntry:\n print(pets[\"cat\"])\nexcept KeyError:\n print(\"no cat in the dict\")\n\ntry:\n print(pets[\"dog\"] + 7)\nexcept TypeError:\n print(\"can't add a string and a number\")\n","runnable":true},{"type":"predict","id":"read-the-failure/try-except-what-ai-misuses/s04-04-predict-the-branch","xp":3,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"First call: both lookup and `.upper()` work. Second call: missing key raises `KeyError`. Third call: `42.upper()` raises `AttributeError` because ints don't have `.upper`.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"Outputs are `ALEX`, then `missing`, then `not-a-string`. One per line.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":65,"concept":"which-except-fires","code":"def lookup(d, key):\n try:\n return d[key].upper()\n except KeyError:\n return \"missing\"\n except AttributeError:\n return \"not-a-string\"\n\nprint(lookup({\"name\": \"alex\"}, \"name\"))\nprint(lookup({\"name\": \"alex\"}, \"age\"))\nprint(lookup({\"name\": 42}, \"name\"))\n","prompt":"Three calls to `lookup`. Each one hits a different branch. What does\nthis print? (Three lines, in order.)\n","grader":{"kind":"stdout-equality","expected":"ALEX\nmissing\nnot-a-string\n","normalize":"collapse-trailing-newline"}},{"type":"fill","id":"read-the-failure/try-except-what-ai-misuses/s05-05-fill-the-keyword","xp":3,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"Two keywords frame the block. The first is `try`. The second is what catches the error.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"The keyword is `except`. Lowercase, exactly six letters.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":50,"concept":"try-except-syntax","prompt":"Cursor wrote a `try` block but forgot the keyword that introduces the\ncatch. Fill in the missing keyword on line 4.\n\nKeyword: ___\n","code":"try:\n number = int(\"oops\")\n print(number)\n___ ValueError:\n print(\"could not parse\")\n","blanks":[{"id":"keyword","accept":["except"],"caseSensitive":true,"normalize":"trim"}]},{"type":"fix","id":"read-the-failure/try-except-what-ai-misuses/s06-06-fix-the-bare-except","xp":4,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"Bare `except:` is the antipattern — it caught the typo's `NameError` and hid it. Fix the typo on line 4 (`numbre` → `number`), then name the specific exception class you expect on line 5.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"Line 4 becomes `return number`. Line 5 becomes `except ValueError:`. Now `safe_int(\"42\")` returns `42`, and only a genuine bad parse like `\"nope\"` hits the fallback.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":90,"concept":"bare-except-antipattern","brokenCode":"def safe_int(text):\n try:\n number = int(text)\n return numbre\n except:\n return \"fallback\"\n\nprint(safe_int(\"42\"))\nprint(safe_int(\"nope\"))\n","prompt":"Claude shipped this and it \"worked\" for weeks — until someone noticed\n*every* call returned `fallback`, even for perfectly good input like\n`\"42\"`. Two bugs conspire: line 4 has a typo (`numbre`), and the bare\n`except:` on line 5 swallows the `NameError` the typo raises, so the\ntypo never surfaced as a crash.\n\nFix both lines: correct the typo to `number`, and replace the bare\n`except:` with one that catches only `ValueError`. Expected output:\n\n```\n42\nfallback\n```\n","grader":{"kind":"stdout-equality","expected":"42\nfallback\n","normalize":"collapse-trailing-newline"},"bugLines":[4,5],"revealAfter":4},{"type":"write","id":"read-the-failure/try-except-what-ai-misuses/s07-07-write-safe-lookup","xp":5,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"One `try` body, two `except` clauses. Missing key → `KeyError`. No `.upper` on the value → `AttributeError`.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"`def safe_lookup(data, key):` then `try: return data[key].upper()` then `except KeyError: return \"missing\"` then `except AttributeError: return \"not-a-string\"`. Three `print` calls at the bottom.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":110,"concept":"write-multi-except-function","prompt":"Write a function `safe_lookup(data, key)` that:\n\n- Returns `data[key].upper()` when both the lookup and the `.upper()`\n work.\n- Returns the string `\"missing\"` if the key isn't in the dict.\n- Returns the string `\"not-a-string\"` if the value is there but doesn't\n have an `.upper()` method (for example, an int).\n\nThen call it three times and print each result:\n\n```\nprint(safe_lookup({\"name\": \"alex\"}, \"name\"))\nprint(safe_lookup({\"name\": \"alex\"}, \"age\"))\nprint(safe_lookup({\"name\": 42}, \"name\"))\n```\n\nExpected output:\n```\nALEX\nmissing\nnot-a-string\n```\n","starter":"# define safe_lookup below, then call it three times\n","grader":{"kind":"stdout-equality","expected":"ALEX\nmissing\nnot-a-string\n","normalize":"collapse-trailing-newline"},"solution":"def safe_lookup(data, key):\n try:\n return data[key].upper()\n except KeyError:\n return \"missing\"\n except AttributeError:\n return \"not-a-string\"\n\nprint(safe_lookup({\"name\": \"alex\"}, \"name\"))\nprint(safe_lookup({\"name\": \"alex\"}, \"age\"))\nprint(safe_lookup({\"name\": 42}, \"name\"))\n","hiddenTests":[]},{"type":"checkpoint","id":"read-the-failure/try-except-what-ai-misuses/s08-08-checkpoint","xp":8,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"Replace `except Exception:` with a tuple of the two specific classes you actually want to handle. The `TypeError` from the list-as-item bug will then escape to the harness.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"`except (KeyError, ValueError):` — parentheses required, comma between classes. The body stays `return \"invalid\"`. Don't touch the harness at the bottom.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"check","estSeconds":140,"concept":"catching-specific-errors-checkpoint","prompt":"Last drill. Cursor wrote `summarize_order` to look up an item's price,\nmultiply it by a quantity it parses from a string, and return a total.\nThree failure modes:\n\n- `prices[item]` raises `KeyError` if the item isn't in the catalog.\n- `int(qty_text)` raises `ValueError` if the string isn't a number.\n- everything else (a real bug you didn't anticipate) should crash.\n\nThe starter has a single `except Exception:` that swallows all three.\nThe last order in the list *is* a real bug — the caller passed a list\ninstead of an item name, which raises `TypeError`. The test harness at\nthe bottom catches that and prints `bug: crashed loudly` so you can see\nthe bug escaping. Right now it prints `invalid` instead — the broad\nexcept is hiding it.\n\nFix the `except`: catch `KeyError` and `ValueError` together with a\ntuple, return `\"invalid\"` for either case, and let any other exception\nfly through.\n\nExpected output:\n```\n20\ninvalid\ninvalid\nbug: crashed loudly\n```\n","starter":"prices = {\"apple\": 2, \"bread\": 5}\n\ndef summarize_order(item, qty_text):\n try:\n price = prices[item]\n qty = int(qty_text)\n return price * qty\n except Exception:\n return \"invalid\"\n\norders = [(\"apple\", \"10\"), (\"steak\", \"10\"), (\"apple\", \"ten\"), ([\"apple\"], \"2\")]\nfor item, qty_text in orders:\n try:\n print(summarize_order(item, qty_text))\n except TypeError:\n print(\"bug: crashed loudly\")\n","grader":{"kind":"stdout-equality","expected":"20\ninvalid\ninvalid\nbug: crashed loudly\n","normalize":"collapse-trailing-newline"},"solution":"prices = {\"apple\": 2, \"bread\": 5}\n\ndef summarize_order(item, qty_text):\n try:\n price = prices[item]\n qty = int(qty_text)\n return price * qty\n except (KeyError, ValueError):\n return \"invalid\"\n\norders = [(\"apple\", \"10\"), (\"steak\", \"10\"), (\"apple\", \"ten\"), ([\"apple\"], \"2\")]\nfor item, qty_text in orders:\n try:\n print(summarize_order(item, qty_text))\n except TypeError:\n print(\"bug: crashed loudly\")\n","passThreshold":0.66}],"xpTotal":28},{"slug":"fail-loudly","title":"raise — failing loudly on purpose","estMinutes":8,"prerequisites":[],"status":"live","steps":[{"type":"read","id":"read-the-failure/fail-loudly/s01-01-intro","xp":1,"hint":[],"personalize":false,"phase":"warmup","estSeconds":100,"concept":"raising-exceptions","body":"$2c","cta":"Got it","code":"def charge(amount):\n if amount <= 0:\n raise ValueError(f\"amount must be positive, got {amount}\")\n print(f\"charging ${amount}\")\n\ncharge(50)\ncharge(-10)\n","runnable":true},{"type":"mc","id":"read-the-failure/fail-loudly/s02-02-which-raise-fires","xp":2,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"`raise ZeroDivisionError(\"denominator was zero\")` flies up to the `try`. The `except` binds it to `err`. What does `f\"caught: {err}\"` print?","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"When you put an exception instance in an f-string, you get the message. So the line prints `caught: denominator was zero`.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"warmup","estSeconds":50,"concept":"raise-with-message","prompt":"Read the code. `divide(10, 0)` triggers the `raise` on line 3. The\ncaller wraps it in `try/except`. What prints?\n","options":[{"id":"a","label":"`5.0`","explain":"`divide(10, 0)` never reaches the `return` — the `raise` fires first."},{"id":"b","label":"`caught: denominator was zero`"},{"id":"c","label":"Nothing — the program crashes","explain":"It would crash if there were no `try/except`. There is one, and it catches `ZeroDivisionError`, so execution continues."},{"id":"d","label":"`caught: ZeroDivisionError`","explain":"`{err}` formats the *message* of the exception, not the class name. Use `type(err).__name__` for the class."}],"answerIds":["b"],"shuffle":false,"code":"def divide(a, b):\n if b == 0:\n raise ZeroDivisionError(\"denominator was zero\")\n return a / b\n\ntry:\n result = divide(10, 0)\n print(result)\nexcept ZeroDivisionError as err:\n print(f\"caught: {err}\")\n","runnable":true},{"type":"predict","id":"read-the-failure/fail-loudly/s03-03-predict-the-raise","xp":3,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"First and third tokens skip the `if`, hit the `return`, print the success line. Middle one raises and gets caught.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"Outputs are `ok: abc`, then `reject: empty token`, then `ok: xyz`. The loop keeps going after the caught exception.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":65,"concept":"raise-and-recover","code":"def verify(token):\n if token == \"\":\n raise ValueError(\"empty token\")\n return f\"ok: {token}\"\n\nfor t in [\"abc\", \"\", \"xyz\"]:\n try:\n print(verify(t))\n except ValueError as err:\n print(f\"reject: {err}\")\n","prompt":"The loop runs `verify` on three tokens. The middle one is empty and\ntriggers a `raise`. What does this print? (Three lines, in order.)\n","grader":{"kind":"stdout-equality","expected":"ok: abc\nreject: empty token\nok: xyz\n","normalize":"collapse-trailing-newline"}},{"type":"fill","id":"read-the-failure/fail-loudly/s04-04-fill-the-raise-keyword","xp":3,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"Five letters. The keyword that turns an exception class into a thrown error.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"It's `raise`. Lowercase. Read line 3 as: throw a `ValueError` with this message right now.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":50,"concept":"raise-keyword","prompt":"Cursor wrote a guard clause but forgot the keyword that actually throws\nthe exception. Fill in the missing keyword on line 3.\n\nKeyword: ___\n","code":"def withdraw(balance, amount):\n if amount > balance:\n ___ ValueError(\"insufficient balance\")\n return balance - amount\n","blanks":[{"id":"keyword","accept":["raise"],"caseSensitive":true,"normalize":"trim"}]},{"type":"fix","id":"read-the-failure/fail-loudly/s05-05-fix-the-silent-swallow","xp":4,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"Delete the whole `try/except: pass`. Keep `qty = int(qty)` and `if qty <= 0: raise ValueError(...)` as straight-line code so the exceptions propagate to the caller.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"Function body becomes: `qty = int(qty)`, then `if qty <= 0: raise ValueError(\"qty must be positive\")`, then `return qty`. The bare `except: pass` was the bug.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":85,"concept":"silent-error-antipattern","brokenCode":"def validate_order(qty):\n try:\n qty = int(qty)\n if qty <= 0:\n raise ValueError(\"qty must be positive\")\n except:\n pass\n return qty\n\ntry:\n validate_order(-3)\nexcept ValueError as e:\n print(e)\n","prompt":"Claude shipped this and a teammate spent two days debugging a \"missing\ndata\" bug. `validate_order` calls `int(qty)` which raises `ValueError`\non bad input, the `except: pass` swallows it, and the function falls\nthrough to return `None`. The caller has no idea anything went wrong.\n\nReplace the `try/except` block so bad input fails loudly with a\n`raise ValueError(\"qty must be positive\")`. The call site already\nhas the right `try/except` to print the message.\n\nExpected output:\n```\nqty must be positive\n```\n","grader":{"kind":"stdout-equality","expected":"qty must be positive","normalize":"collapse-trailing-newline"},"bugLines":[2,3,4,5,6,7],"revealAfter":4},{"type":"write","id":"read-the-failure/fail-loudly/s06-06-write-validate-age","xp":5,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"Function body: `if age < 0 or age > 120: raise ValueError(...)` then `return age`. Then a loop or three explicit `try/except` blocks at the bottom.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"`def validate_age(age):` then `if age < 0 or age > 120: raise ValueError(f\"age out of range: {age}\")` then `return age`. Then loop over `[30, -5, 200]`, wrap each in `try/except ValueError as err: print(err)`.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":110,"concept":"write-raise-function","prompt":"Write a function `validate_age(age)` that:\n\n- Returns `age` unchanged when `age` is an integer between `0` and `120`\n (inclusive).\n- Raises `ValueError` with the message `f\"age out of range: {age}\"`\n otherwise.\n\nThen call it three times inside `try/except ValueError as err: print(err)`\nblocks so the output below prints. Use `print(validate_age(...))` for\nthe happy-path call.\n\nExpected output:\n```\n30\nage out of range: -5\nage out of range: 200\n```\n","starter":"# define validate_age below\n","grader":{"kind":"stdout-equality","expected":"30\nage out of range: -5\nage out of range: 200\n","normalize":"collapse-trailing-newline"},"solution":"def validate_age(age):\n if age < 0 or age > 120:\n raise ValueError(f\"age out of range: {age}\")\n return age\n\nfor a in [30, -5, 200]:\n try:\n print(validate_age(a))\n except ValueError as err:\n print(err)\n","hiddenTests":[]},{"type":"checkpoint","id":"read-the-failure/fail-loudly/s07-07-checkpoint","xp":8,"hint":[{"level":1,"body":"`def place_order(...)` with two `if` guards (`raise KeyError(item)`, `raise ValueError(...)`) and a return. Then a loop with `try/except (KeyError, ValueError) as err: print(err)`.","cost":0},{"level":2,"body":"The third call raises `KeyError(\"hat\")`. Printing a `KeyError` instance shows the key in single quotes — that's why the expected output has `'hat'` with quotes.","cost":0}],"personalize":false,"phase":"build","estSeconds":150,"concept":"raise-and-recover-checkpoint","prompt":"Last drill. Write a tiny order system:\n\n1. Define a function `place_order(inventory, item, qty)` that:\n - Raises `KeyError(item)` if `item` is not in `inventory`.\n - Raises `ValueError(f\"only {inventory[item]} left of {item}\")`\n if `inventory[item] < qty`.\n - Otherwise returns the string `f\"shipped {qty} {item}\"`.\n2. Loop over three orders. For each, wrap the call in\n `try/except (KeyError, ValueError) as err: print(err)`.\n\nUse this inventory and these orders:\n```\ninventory = {\"book\": 5, \"pen\": 0}\norders = [(\"book\", 2), (\"pen\", 1), (\"hat\", 1)]\n```\n\nExpected output:\n```\nshipped 2 book\nonly 0 left of pen\n'hat'\n```\n","starter":"# 1. define place_order\n\n# 2. loop and print\n","grader":{"kind":"stdout-equality","expected":"shipped 2 book\nonly 0 left of pen\n'hat'\n","normalize":"collapse-trailing-newline"},"solution":"def place_order(inventory, item, qty):\n if item not in inventory:\n raise KeyError(item)\n if inventory[item] < qty:\n raise ValueError(f\"only {inventory[item]} left of {item}\")\n return f\"shipped {qty} {item}\"\n\ninventory = {\"book\": 5, \"pen\": 0}\norders = [(\"book\", 2), (\"pen\", 1), (\"hat\", 1)]\n\nfor item, qty in orders:\n try:\n print(place_order(inventory, item, qty))\n except (KeyError, ValueError) as err:\n print(err)\n","passThreshold":0.66},{"type":"read","id":"read-the-failure/fail-loudly/s08-08-going-deeper","xp":1,"hint":[],"personalize":false,"phase":"check","estSeconds":100,"concept":"going-deeper-ai-error-explainer","body":"$2d","cta":"Got it","code":"# The verification habit, in miniature. The diagnosis you got was:\n# \"user['id'] fails because the dict has no 'id' key.\"\n# Before accepting any fix, print the suspect and confirm:\nuser = {\"name\": \"maya\", \"user_id\": 7}\nprint(\"keys:\", list(user))\nprint(\"has 'id'?\", \"id\" in user)\n# → the diagnosis is confirmed: the key is 'user_id', not 'id'.\n# NOW you can apply the fix — and re-run to watch the output change.\n","runnable":true}],"xpTotal":27}],"liveLessonCount":3,"liveStepCount":24,"xpTotal":83}},"chapter":"$1c:2:props:tree:detail","lesson":"$1c:2:props:tree:detail:lessons:0","step":"$1c:2:props:tree:detail:lessons:0:steps:3","stepIndex":3,"nav":{"tocNext":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":4},"tocPrev":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":2},"nextByPath":{"developer":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":4},"marketer":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":4},"designer":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":4},"customer-service":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":4},"copywriter":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":4},"data-analyst":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":4},"project-manager":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":4},"hr-specialist":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":4},"operations":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":4},"lawyer":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":4}},"prevByPath":{"developer":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":2},"marketer":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":2},"designer":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":2},"customer-service":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":2},"copywriter":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":2},"data-analyst":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":2},"project-manager":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":2},"hr-specialist":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":2},"operations":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":2},"lawyer":{"chapterSlug":"read-the-failure","lessonSlug":"read-bottom-up","stepIndex":2}}}}]]

A traceback is a map — read bottom-up — step 4 of 8